Causes

Chronic dry or burning eyes can be caused by age, some medications, and disease. Itchy, burning eyelids can also result from infection.

Unprotected eyes can also be burned by the ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun, tanning lamps, or arc welding equipment. Like sunburns to the skin, you won’t feel pain until hours later, when the eyes and the area around them swell. UV rays can damage your retina. The risk of sunburning the eyes is very high when sunlight is reflected off water, sand, or snow.

Substances such as paint thinner, dishwashing detergent, lye, toilet cleaner, drain cleaner, and gasoline can chemically burn the eyes. Chemical burns are painful medical emergencies that can result in decreased vision.

Prevention

Many causes of eye burning and irritation can be prevented.

• Don’t rub your eyes, which may introduce bacteria and cause infection or irritation.
• Take breaks from long periods of close work—such as crafts, reading, or computer work—to avoid eye strain.
• Work in adequate lighting.
• Wear sunglasses with UV protection when you’re in the sun.
• Wear protective glasses or goggles when working with caustic chemicals.
  

Self-Care

• If your eyes burn and water, try to trace the source of irritation, then avoid it. Smoke, cosmetics, chemical fumes, and pollen are some possibilities. Over-the-counter eye drops other than artificial tears can also cause irritation.
• Apply a cool compress to sunburned eyes. Stay out of the sun until swelling is gone.
• Chemical burns to the eyes require immediate action.
• If you wear contact lenses, remove them until the irritation goes away.
• Use over-the-counter lubrication drops (artificial tears) two to three times a day for comfort.
• Call your doctor if you have sunburned eyes and the pain and swelling do not improve after 24 hours.